GeoTiles

Map - Town index - Tile index

Relevant towns and neighbourhoods

Wildervanksterdallen (buurtschap)Veendam (industriekern)Numero Dertien (buurtschap)Ommelanderwijk (woonkern)Nieuwe Pekela (woonkern)Zuidwending (gehucht)Veendam (woonkern)Hoetmansmeer (buurtschap)Boven Pekela (woonkern)

Tile 12FZ2

Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland

Point cloud

The aerial photograph closest to the acquisition date of the AHN iteration was overlaid on the point cloud to produce a colored version for visualisation purposes. Furthermore, for each point cloud a spatial index and textual summary, including elevation histogram, are provided. Please note that the images are not from the same flight, and may be years off. Therefore, small alignment errors and differences occur between them.

Zoom in on the map to see tiled versions (25 tiles of 1×1.25 km). Tiled versions typically fit into memory (RAM) are easier to handle and are especially suitable for parallel processing and Machine Learning.

Version Point cloud Spatial index Info License
AHN1 Ground 12fz2.laz 21.4 MiB 12fz2.lax 25 kiB 12fz2.txt 5 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Non-ground 12fz2.laz 1.4 MiB 12fz2.lax 96 kiB 12fz2.txt 12 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Merged 12FZ2.LAZ 22.8 MiB 12FZ2.LAX 32 kiB 12FZ2.txt 13 kiB Stuurgroep AHN (merged product by GeoTiles)
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN2 Ground g12fz2.laz 347.8 MiB g12fz2.lax 191 kiB g12fz2.txt 6 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Non-ground u12fz2.laz 81.3 MiB u12fz2.lax 56 kiB u12fz2.txt 19 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Merged 12FZ2.LAZ 429.1 MiB 12FZ2.LAX 719 kiB 12FZ2.txt 20 kiB Stuurgroep AHN (merged product by GeoTiles)
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN3 Original C_12FZ2.LAZ 1.4 GiB C_12FZ2.LAX 1.6 MiB C_12FZ2.txt 20 kiB Stuurgroep AHN, public domain
Colored Available for sub-units only, zoom in to select. Remixed by GeoTiles*
AHN4 Original C_12FZ2.LAZ 2.8 GiB C_12FZ2.LAX 2.0 MiB C_12FZ2.txt 48 kiB Het Waterschapshuis, public domain
Colored (Partially) available for sub-units. Remixed by GeoTiles*

*The point cloud is in the public domain and the aerial photograph available under CC-BY. However, the colored point cloud is a new product created by GeoTiles.

File checksums (md5) are available for AHN1, AHN2, AHN3 and AHN4.

Raster

Version DSM DTM ('maaiveld') License
5 meter ½ meter 5 meter ½ meter
AHN1 12fz2.tif.zip public domain
AHN2 r12fz2.tif.zip ahn2_5_12fz2.tif.zip i12fz2.tif.zip public domain *
AHN3 R5_12FZ2.zip R_12FZ2.zip M5_12FZ2.zip M_12FZ2.zip CC-0
AHN4 R5_12FZ2.zip R_12FZ2.zip M5_12FZ2.zip M_12FZ2.zip CC-0 [1, 2, 3, 4]

Aerial photograph

Year Version GeoTiff Source License
2016 RGB RGB_12FZ2.tiff 57.4 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_12FZ2.tiff 53.2 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2017 RGB RGB_12FZ2.tiff 70.9 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_12FZ2.tiff 69.0 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2018 RGB RGB_12FZ2.tiff 58.7 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_12FZ2.tiff 57.0 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2019 RGB RGB_12FZ2.tiff 59.5 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_12FZ2.tiff 55.0 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2020 RGB RGB_12FZ2.tiff 62.3 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_12FZ2.tiff 58.8 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2022 RGB RGB_12FZ2.tiff 59.4 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_12FZ2.tiff 58.4 MiB CC-BY 4.0
2023 RGB RGB_12FZ2.tiff 72.6 MiB Beeldmateriaal CC-BY 4.0
CIR CIR_12FZ2.tiff 73.1 MiB CC-BY 4.0

Sub-tiles 12FZ2

Image adapted from Kadaster TOPraster and OpenTopo.

Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland

Point cloud

These sub-tiles of 1×1.25 km are clipped from the original point cloud. Goal is to enable distributed processing of the point cloud. Therefore, a 25 m overlap to the neighbouring (sub-)tiles is added. Thanks to the overlap between sub-tiles, the sub-tiles can be processed independently and therefore parallel.

All other data sets on this website are only available in the main tiling schema.

Tile Version Point cloud Spatial index Info Residential areas License
12FZ2_01 AHN1 12FZ2_01.LAZ 1.5 MiB 12FZ2_01.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_01.txt 11 kiB Veendam, Ommelanderwijk AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_01.LAZ 52.5 MiB 12FZ2_01.LAX 30 kiB 12FZ2_01.txt 14 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_01.LAZ 94.4 MiB 12FZ2_01.LAX 81 kiB 12FZ2_01.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_01.LAZ 161.9 MiB 12FZ2_01.LAX 95 kiB 12FZ2_01.txt 15 kiB
12FZ2_02 AHN1 12FZ2_02.LAZ 1.8 MiB 12FZ2_02.LAX 5 kiB 12FZ2_02.txt 10 kiB Ommelanderwijk, Zuidwending AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_02.LAZ 61.4 MiB 12FZ2_02.LAX 31 kiB 12FZ2_02.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_02.LAZ 120.0 MiB 12FZ2_02.LAX 89 kiB 12FZ2_02.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_02.LAZ 213.4 MiB 12FZ2_02.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_02.txt 15 kiB
12FZ2_03 AHN1 12FZ2_03.LAZ 2.0 MiB 12FZ2_03.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_03.txt 10 kiB Zuidwending, Ommelanderwijk AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_03.LAZ 43.1 MiB 12FZ2_03.LAX 23 kiB 12FZ2_03.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_03.LAZ 94.7 MiB 12FZ2_03.LAX 85 kiB 12FZ2_03.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_03.LAZ 163.2 MiB 12FZ2_03.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_03.txt 14 kiB
12FZ2_04 AHN1 12FZ2_04.LAZ 1.6 MiB 12FZ2_04.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_04.txt 9 kiB Zuidwending AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_04.LAZ 43.3 MiB 12FZ2_04.LAX 24 kiB 12FZ2_04.txt 15 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_04.LAZ 91.1 MiB 12FZ2_04.LAX 83 kiB 12FZ2_04.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_04.LAZ 161.2 MiB 12FZ2_04.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_04.txt 14 kiB
12FZ2_05 AHN1 12FZ2_05.LAZ 1.5 MiB 12FZ2_05.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_05.txt 10 kiB Zuidwending AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_05.LAZ 40.0 MiB 12FZ2_05.LAX 24 kiB 12FZ2_05.txt 20 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_05.LAZ 84.2 MiB 12FZ2_05.LAX 81 kiB 12FZ2_05.txt 21 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_05.LAZ 162.7 MiB 12FZ2_05.LAX 96 kiB 12FZ2_05.txt 23 kiB
12FZ2_06 AHN1 12FZ2_06.LAZ 1.7 MiB 12FZ2_06.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_06.txt 10 kiB Veendam AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_06.LAZ 38.3 MiB 12FZ2_06.LAX 28 kiB 12FZ2_06.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_06.LAZ 80.0 MiB 12FZ2_06.LAX 75 kiB 12FZ2_06.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_06.LAZ 152.8 MiB 12FZ2_06.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_06.txt 49 kiB
12FZ2_07 AHN1 12FZ2_07.LAZ 1.4 MiB 12FZ2_07.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_07.txt 8 kiB Ommelanderwijk AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_07.LAZ 42.1 MiB 12FZ2_07.LAX 34 kiB 12FZ2_07.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_07.LAZ 75.5 MiB 12FZ2_07.LAX 75 kiB 12FZ2_07.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_07.LAZ 141.7 MiB 12FZ2_07.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_07.txt 14 kiB
12FZ2_08 AHN1 12FZ2_08.LAZ 1.9 MiB 12FZ2_08.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_08.txt 10 kiB Numero Dertien AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_08.LAZ 46.3 MiB 12FZ2_08.LAX 25 kiB 12FZ2_08.txt 11 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_08.LAZ 92.7 MiB 12FZ2_08.LAX 83 kiB 12FZ2_08.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_08.LAZ 164.9 MiB 12FZ2_08.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_08.txt 14 kiB
12FZ2_09 AHN1 12FZ2_09.LAZ 1.7 MiB 12FZ2_09.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_09.txt 9 kiB Nieuwe Pekela AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_09.LAZ 38.0 MiB 12FZ2_09.LAX 20 kiB 12FZ2_09.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_09.LAZ 88.7 MiB 12FZ2_09.LAX 80 kiB 12FZ2_09.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_09.LAZ 159.3 MiB 12FZ2_09.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_09.txt 14 kiB
12FZ2_10 AHN1 12FZ2_10.LAZ 1.5 MiB 12FZ2_10.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_10.txt 8 kiB Nieuwe Pekela AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_10.LAZ 40.8 MiB 12FZ2_10.LAX 21 kiB 12FZ2_10.txt 20 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_10.LAZ 91.2 MiB 12FZ2_10.LAX 71 kiB 12FZ2_10.txt 21 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_10.LAZ 187.3 MiB 12FZ2_10.LAX 93 kiB 12FZ2_10.txt 22 kiB
12FZ2_11 AHN1 12FZ2_11.LAZ 1.8 MiB 12FZ2_11.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_11.txt 9 kiB Wildervanksterdallen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_11.LAZ 43.0 MiB 12FZ2_11.LAX 24 kiB 12FZ2_11.txt 11 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_11.LAZ 80.4 MiB 12FZ2_11.LAX 79 kiB 12FZ2_11.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_11.LAZ 150.5 MiB 12FZ2_11.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_11.txt 25 kiB
12FZ2_12 AHN1 12FZ2_12.LAZ 1.3 MiB 12FZ2_12.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_12.txt 8 kiB Wildervanksterdallen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_12.LAZ 39.5 MiB 12FZ2_12.LAX 28 kiB 12FZ2_12.txt 10 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_12.LAZ 77.1 MiB 12FZ2_12.LAX 74 kiB 12FZ2_12.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_12.LAZ 155.0 MiB 12FZ2_12.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_12.txt 13 kiB
12FZ2_13 AHN1 12FZ2_13.LAZ 1.9 MiB 12FZ2_13.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_13.txt 8 kiB Numero Dertien AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_13.LAZ 43.0 MiB 12FZ2_13.LAX 55 kiB 12FZ2_13.txt 11 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_13.LAZ 76.9 MiB 12FZ2_13.LAX 74 kiB 12FZ2_13.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_13.LAZ 154.6 MiB 12FZ2_13.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_13.txt 14 kiB
12FZ2_14 AHN1 12FZ2_14.LAZ 1.7 MiB 12FZ2_14.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_14.txt 9 kiB Nieuwe Pekela AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_14.LAZ 42.6 MiB 12FZ2_14.LAX 74 kiB 12FZ2_14.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_14.LAZ 81.6 MiB 12FZ2_14.LAX 81 kiB 12FZ2_14.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_14.LAZ 156.7 MiB 12FZ2_14.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_14.txt 15 kiB
12FZ2_15 AHN1 12FZ2_15.LAZ 1.5 MiB 12FZ2_15.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_15.txt 10 kiB Nieuwe Pekela AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_15.LAZ 46.9 MiB 12FZ2_15.LAX 22 kiB 12FZ2_15.txt 20 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_15.LAZ 98.5 MiB 12FZ2_15.LAX 84 kiB 12FZ2_15.txt 21 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_15.LAZ 184.0 MiB 12FZ2_15.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_15.txt 22 kiB
12FZ2_16 AHN1 12FZ2_16.LAZ 1.8 MiB 12FZ2_16.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_16.txt 9 kiB Wildervanksterdallen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_16.LAZ 49.9 MiB 12FZ2_16.LAX 30 kiB 12FZ2_16.txt 10 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_16.LAZ 81.3 MiB 12FZ2_16.LAX 79 kiB 12FZ2_16.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_16.LAZ 160.8 MiB 12FZ2_16.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_16.txt 13 kiB
12FZ2_17 AHN1 12FZ2_17.LAZ 1.3 MiB 12FZ2_17.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_17.txt 7 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_17.LAZ 42.6 MiB 12FZ2_17.LAX 24 kiB 12FZ2_17.txt 9 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_17.LAZ 73.4 MiB 12FZ2_17.LAX 74 kiB 12FZ2_17.txt 10 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_17.LAZ 146.9 MiB 12FZ2_17.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_17.txt 11 kiB
12FZ2_18 AHN1 12FZ2_18.LAZ 1.7 MiB 12FZ2_18.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_18.txt 9 kiB Numero Dertien AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_18.LAZ 37.6 MiB 12FZ2_18.LAX 24 kiB 12FZ2_18.txt 10 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_18.LAZ 84.6 MiB 12FZ2_18.LAX 81 kiB 12FZ2_18.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_18.LAZ 156.7 MiB 12FZ2_18.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_18.txt 13 kiB
12FZ2_19 AHN1 12FZ2_19.LAZ 1.9 MiB 12FZ2_19.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_19.txt 6 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_19.LAZ 40.7 MiB 12FZ2_19.LAX 70 kiB 12FZ2_19.txt 6 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_19.LAZ 72.9 MiB 12FZ2_19.LAX 72 kiB 12FZ2_19.txt 7 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_19.LAZ 145.8 MiB 12FZ2_19.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_19.txt 8 kiB
12FZ2_20 AHN1 12FZ2_20.LAZ 1.5 MiB 12FZ2_20.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_20.txt 9 kiB Nieuwe Pekela AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_20.LAZ 48.5 MiB 12FZ2_20.LAX 32 kiB 12FZ2_20.txt 20 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_20.LAZ 88.6 MiB 12FZ2_20.LAX 82 kiB 12FZ2_20.txt 21 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_20.LAZ 156.9 MiB 12FZ2_20.LAX 98 kiB 12FZ2_20.txt 22 kiB
12FZ2_21 AHN1 12FZ2_21.LAZ 1.7 MiB 12FZ2_21.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_21.txt 9 kiB Wildervanksterdallen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_21.LAZ 48.2 MiB 12FZ2_21.LAX 29 kiB 12FZ2_21.txt 13 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_21.LAZ 78.9 MiB 12FZ2_21.LAX 80 kiB 12FZ2_21.txt 12 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_21.LAZ 156.5 MiB 12FZ2_21.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_21.txt 13 kiB
12FZ2_22 AHN1 12FZ2_22.LAZ 1.5 MiB 12FZ2_22.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_22.txt 8 kiB Wildervanksterdallen AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_22.LAZ 60.4 MiB 12FZ2_22.LAX 37 kiB 12FZ2_22.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_22.LAZ 101.4 MiB 12FZ2_22.LAX 81 kiB 12FZ2_22.txt 14 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_22.LAZ 170.9 MiB 12FZ2_22.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_22.txt 15 kiB
12FZ2_23 AHN1 12FZ2_23.LAZ 1.6 MiB 12FZ2_23.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_23.txt 8 kiB Numero Dertien, Hoetmansmeer AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_23.LAZ 42.6 MiB 12FZ2_23.LAX 26 kiB 12FZ2_23.txt 12 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_23.LAZ 84.3 MiB 12FZ2_23.LAX 80 kiB 12FZ2_23.txt 13 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_23.LAZ 154.4 MiB 12FZ2_23.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_23.txt 14 kiB
12FZ2_24 AHN1 12FZ2_24.LAZ 1.9 MiB 12FZ2_24.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_24.txt 8 kiB Boven Pekela AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_24.LAZ 38.6 MiB 12FZ2_24.LAX 23 kiB 12FZ2_24.txt 9 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_24.LAZ 77.4 MiB 12FZ2_24.LAX 80 kiB 12FZ2_24.txt 11 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_24.LAZ 148.5 MiB 12FZ2_24.LAX 99 kiB 12FZ2_24.txt 12 kiB
12FZ2_25 AHN1 12FZ2_25.LAZ 1.6 MiB 12FZ2_25.LAX 4 kiB 12FZ2_25.txt 9 kiB AHN (stuurgroep AHN, public data) and aerial photograph (Beeldmateriaal, CC-BY) remixed by GeoTiles, CC-BY
AHN2 12FZ2_25.LAZ 45.4 MiB 12FZ2_25.LAX 43 kiB 12FZ2_25.txt 19 kiB
AHN3 12FZ2_25.LAZ 81.3 MiB 12FZ2_25.LAX 81 kiB 12FZ2_25.txt 20 kiB
AHN4 12FZ2_25.LAZ 152.8 MiB 12FZ2_25.LAX 100 kiB 12FZ2_25.txt 21 kiB

No guarantee on availability, completeness, correctness or fitness for any particular purpose is implied by the distribution of or linking to this data. The license indicated with the products is to the best of my knowledge at the time of writing. Please confirm the applicable license with the source before integrating the data.